安装Ubuntu20.04

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Ubuntu20.04 安装

镜像来源： 下载Ubuntu桌面系统 | Ubuntu

​ 安装Ubuntu需要先去官网下载ISO镜像（推荐下载LTS长期支持的版本），上述链接为桌面版Ubuntu，其自带GUI界面，方便操作（也可以在官网选择服务器版镜像：https://cn.ubuntu.com/download/server/）。

一、物理机安装

参考： 使用UltraISO制作ubuntu安装u盘启动盘图文教程 - 简书 (jianshu.com)

​ 可以建立USB启动盘（推荐UltraOS软件），完成启动盘的设置后，将U盘插入物理机并重启物理机进入BIOS界面，找到USB的启动项启动即可，后续步骤按照提示逐步完成即可（根据电脑主板支持的BIOS系统的不同，中途可以会遇到出乎意料的问题，建议根据物理机的主板型号查询BIOS相关设置）。

二、虚拟机安装

​ 使用VMware软件，直接选择新建虚拟机后，找到对应ISO文件即可。VMware安装时的参数对应的意义可以自行查询，一般选择推荐选项即可。

初始环境配置

1.安装vim

​ Ubuntu自带的为vi编辑器，vim是vi的升级版，兼容vi 

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sudo apt install vim

2.更改Ubuntu镜像源

参考： [ubuntu20.04 LTS 更换国内163源、阿里源、清华源、中科大源 - zqifa - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)](https://www.cnblogs.com/zqifa/p/12910989.html#:~:text=ubuntu20.04 LTS 更换国内163源、阿里源、清华源、中科大源 Ubuntu 20.04 是 Ubuntu 的第,LTS 版本，其重大更新和改进将在 2030 年前终止，计划于2020年 4 月 23 日发布。) 

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# 备份源文件
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup
# 添加源
<将后文中的源写入/etc/apt/sources.list>
# 执行更新命令
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
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### 163源 ###
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

### 阿里云 ###
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

### 清华源 ###
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

### 中科大源 ###
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

2.安装OpenSSH

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sudo apt-get install openssh-server
### 检查ssh服务状态 ###
ps -e|grep ssh
    878 ?        00:00:00 sshd
   1608 ?        00:00:00 ssh-agent
   2009 ?        00:00:00 sshd
   2085 ?        00:00:00 sshd

注：配置私钥免密ssh登录部分详见 /协议栈/ssh 部分

3.安装ifconfig

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sudo apt install net-tools

5.安装firewalld

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sudo apt install firewalld